Confinement Vs. Pasture - Effects on Milk Quality, Animal Health

• Arnold, G.W. & Dudzinski M.L., 1978. Ethology of free ranging domestic animals. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Shers, Amsterdam.

• Dantzer, R. & Mormède P., 1983. Stress in farm animals: A need for reevaluation. J. Anim. Sci., 57(1): 6-18.

• Delagarde, R., Prache S., Hour P. & Petit M., 2001. Grass intake by grazing ruminants. Fourrages, no 166: 189-212

• lgersma, A., S. Tamminga & G. Ellen, 2003b. Comparison of the effects of grazing and zero-grazing of grass on milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. Grassland Science in Europe 8: 271-274.

• Gregory, N.G. 2004. Swelling of cattle heel horn by urine. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(3): 161-163.

• Herlin, A.H., 1994. Effects of tie-stalls or cubicles on dairy cows in grazing or zero-grazing situations. Studies on behaviour, locomotion, hygiene, health and performance. Report 228, University of Uppsala, Sweden.

• Livesey C.T., C. Marsh, J.A. Metcalf & R.A. Laven, 2002. Hock injuries in cattle kept in straw yards or cubicles with rubber mats or mattresses. Vet Rec. 150(22):677-9.

• Longhurst, R.D., O.Connor M.B., Bremner K. & Matthews L., 2000. Animal constraints to pasture treated with farm dairy effluent: preference under grazing and issues of faecal contamination. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 43: 501-507.

• Mayne, C.S., 1990. Effects of supplementation on the performance of both growing and lactating cattle atpasture. In: Mayne C.S. Management issues for the grassland farmer in the 1990's. British Grassland Society, Occasional Symposium no 25, Malvern, UK.

• Meijs, J.A.C., 1981. Herbage intake by grazing dairy cows. Centre for agriculture Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, 1981.

• O'Connell, J., Giller P.S. & W. Meaney, 1989. A comparison of dairy cattle behavioural patterns at pasture and during confinement, Irish J. of Agr. Res., 28 , pp-65-72.

• Phillips, C.J.C., 1990. Adverse effects on reproductive performance and lameness of feeding grazing dairy cows partially on silage indoors. J. Agric. Sci., 115: 253-258.

• Phillips, C.J.C. & I.D. Morris. 2000. The locomotion of dairy cows on concrete floors that are dry, wet, or covered with a slurry of excreta. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1767-1772.

• Smits, M.C.J, Frankena K., Metz J.H.M. & Noordhuizen J.P.T.M., 1992. Prevalence of digital disorders in zero-grazing dairy cows. Live Prod. Sci., 32: 231-244.

• Somers J.G.C.J., W.G.P. Schouten, K. Frankena, E.N. Noordhuizen-Stassen & J.H.M. Metz. 2005. Development of claw traits and claw lesions in dairy cows kept on different floor systems J. Dairy Sci. 88 (1): 110-120.

• Wierenga, H. K., 1984. The social behaviour of dairy cows: some differences between pasture and cubiclesystem. In: J. Unshelm, G. van Putten en K. Zeeb (Eds.) Proc. Int. Congress on Appl. Ethology, Kiel, Duitsland. pp.135-138.

•Wlkinson, J.M., 1999. Silage and animal health. Natural Toxins 7: 221-232.