Recent CLA Research:

• Adlof, R. O., L. C. Copes, and E. L. Walter. 2001. Changes in conjugated linoleic acid composition within samples obtained from a single source. Lipids 36:315.

• Adlof RO, Duval S, Emken EA. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Lipids 35:131–135 (2000).

• Agatha G, Voigt A, Kauf E, Zintl F. Conjugated linoleic acid modulation of cell membrane in leukemia cells. Cancer Lett. 209(1):87–103 (2004).

• Albright CD, Klem E, Shah AA, Gallagher P. Breast cancer cell-targeted oxidative stress: Enhancement of cancer cell uptake of conjugated linoleic acid, activation of p53, and inhibition of proliferation. Exp. Molec. Pathol. 79(2):118–125 (2005).

• Allred SL, Dhiman TR, Brennand CP, Khanal RC, McMahon DJ, Luchini ND. Milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of palm and fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products. J. Dairy Sci. 89(1):234–248 (2006).

• Aminot-Gilchrist DV, Anderson HDI. Insulin resistance-associated cardiovascular disease: potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79(6):1159S–1163S Suppl. S (2004).

• Aro, A., S. Mannisto, I. Salminen, M. L. Ovaskainen, V. Kataja, and M. Uusitupa. 2000. Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Nutr. Cancer 38:151.

• Aro A, Mannisto S, Salminen I, Ovaskainen ML, Kataja V, Uusitupa M. Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Nutr. Cancer 38:151–157 (2000).

• Aydin R. Conjugated linoleic acid: Chemical structure, sources and biological properties. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 29(2):189–195 (2005).

• Azain MJ, Hausman DB, Sisk MB, Flatt WP, Jewell DE. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number. J. Nutr. 130:1548–1554 (2000).

• Baer RJ, Ryali J, Schingoethe DJ, Kasperson KM, Donovan DC, Hippen AR, Franklin ST. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345–353 (2001).

• Banni S. Investigating the mechanisms of action of CLAs — from animal models to humans and back. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106(12):807–808 (2004).

• Banni S, Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Scanu P, Melis MP, Bauman DE, Fischer SM, Ip C. Distribution of conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites in different lipid fractions in the rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 42:1056–1061 (2001).

• Bardon S, Benelli C, Bernard-Gallon D,  Blottiere H, Demarquoy J, Duee PH, Forest C. Dietary fatty acids and cancer: potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Bull. Cancer 92(7–8):697–707 (2005).

• Basu S, Smedman A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. FEBS Lett. 468(1):33–36 (2000).

• Basu S, Riserus U, Turpeinen A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity. Clin. Sci. 99(6):511–516 (2000).

• Bauman, DE, Griinari JM. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat. In Biology of the Mammary Gland. J. A. Mol and R. A. Clegg (eds.). New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 209–216 (2000).

• Baumgard LH, Corl BA, Bauman DE. Effect of CLA isomers on fat synthesis during growth and lactation.  In: Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Nutrition Conference (62nd). Pp. 180–190 (2000).

• Baumgard LH, Sangster JK, Bauman DE. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Nutr. 131:1764–1769 (2001).

• Baumgard, L. H., B. A. Corl, D. A. Dwyer, A. Saebo, and D. E. Bauman. 2000. Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milkfat synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 278:R179.

• Beaulieu, A. D., J. K. Drackley, and N. R. Merchen. 2002. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid) are not increased in tissue lipids of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with soybean oil. J. Anim. Sci. 80:847.

• Belury, M. A. 1995. Conjugated dienoic linoleate: A polyunstturated fatty acid with unique chemoprotective properties. Nutr. Rev. 53:83.

• Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans. Lipids 36:221–227 (2001).

• Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans. Lipids36:229–236, correction 36:857 (2001).

• Bergamo P, Luongo D, Maurano F, Rossi M. Butterfat fatty acids differentially regulate growth and differentiation in Jurkat T-cells. J. Cellular Biochem. 96(2):349–360 (2005).

• Bertschi I, Collomb M, Rist L,  Eberhard P, Sieber R, Butikofer U, Wechsler D, Folkers G, von Mandach U. Maternal dietary alpine butter intake affects human milk: Fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 40(6):581–587 (2005).

• Berven G, Bye A, Hals O, Blankson H, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:455–462 (2000).

• Bhattacharya A, Rahman MM, Sun DX, Lawrence R, Mejia W, McCarter R, O'Shea M, Fernandes G. The combination of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and treadmill exercise lowers gain in body fat mass and enhances lean body mass in high fat-fed male Balb/C mice. J. Nutr. 135(5):1124–1130 (2005).

• Blankson, H., J. A. Stakkestad, H. Fagertun, E. Thom, J. Wadstein, and O. Gudmundsen. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J. Nutr. 130:2943.

• de Boer JG. Protection by dietary compounds against mutation in a transgenic rodent. J. Nutr. 131:3082S–3086S Suppl. S (2001).

• Boken SL, Staples CR, Sollenberger LE, Jenkins TC, Thatcher WW. Effect of grazing and fat supplementation on production and reproduction of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci, 88(12):4258–4272 (2005).

• Bolte, M. R., B. W. Hess, W. J. Means, G. E. Moss, and D. C. Rule. 2002. Feeding lambs high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds differently influences carcass fatty acid composition. J. Anim. Sci. 80:609.

• Boylston, T. D., and D. C. Beitz. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid and fatty acid composition of yogurt produced from milk of cows fed soy oil and conjugated linoleic acid. J. Food Sci. 67:1973.

• Brown JM, Boysen MS, Chung S, Fabiyi O, Morrison RF, Mandrup S, McIntosh MK. Conjugated linoleic acid induces human adipocyte delipidation - Autocrine/paracrine regulation of MEK/ERK signaling by adipocytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 279(25):26735–26747 (2004).

• Brownbill RA, Petrosian M, Ilich JZ Association between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J. Am. College Nutr. 24(3):177–181 (2005).

• Brzoska F. Effect of dietary vegetable oils on milk yield, composition and CLA isomer profile in milk from dairy cows. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 14(3):445–459 (2005).

• Burdge GC, Derrick PR, Russell JJ, Tricon S, Kew S, Banerjee T, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Incorporation of cis-9, trans-11 or trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid into human erythrocytes in vivo. Nutr. Res. 25(1):13–19 (2005).

• Burdge GC, Tricon S, Morgan R,  Kliem KE, Childs C, Jones E, Russell JJ, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Incorporation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid (trans-11 18 : 1) into plasma and leucocyte lipids in healthy men consuming dairy products naturally enriched in these fatty acids. Brit. J. Nutr. 94(2):237–243 (2005).

• Cabiddu A, Decandia M, Addis M,  Piredda G, Pirisi A, Molle G. Managing Mediterranean pastures in order to enhance the level of beneficial fatty acids in sheep milk. Small Ruminant Res. 59(2–3):169–180 (2005).

• Cannella C, Giusti AM. Conjugated linoleic acid - A natural anticarcinogenic substance from animal food. Italian J. Food Sci. 12:123–127 (2000).

• Cavalieri FB, Santos GT, Matsushita M,  Petit HV, Rigolon LP, Silva D, Horst JA, Capovilla LC, Ramos FS. Milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed Lac100 (R) or whole flaxseed. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 85(3):413–416 (2005).

• Cheng WL, Lii CK, Chen HW, Lin TH, Liu KL. Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inflammatory responses through the regulation of the NF-kappa B pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(1):71–78 (2004).

• Chichlowski MW, Schroeder JW, Park CS, Keller WL, Schimek DE. Altering the fatty acids in milk fat by including canola seed in dairy cattle diets. J. Dairy Sci. 88(9):3084–3094 (2005).

• Choi JS, Song J. Conjugated linoleic acid, obesity, and insulin resistance: waiting for the day of liberation from chronic disease. Nutrition 21(11-12):1170-1172 (2005).

• Choi JS, Jung MH, Park HS, Song JY. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on insulin resistance and mRNA levels of genes regulating energy metabolism in high-fat-fed rats. Nutrition 20(11–12):1008–1017 (2004).

• Choi NJ, Imm JY, Oh S,  Kim BC, Hwang HJ, Kim YJ. Effect of pH and oxygen on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by mixed rumen bacteria from cows fed high concentrate and high forage diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 124(3–4):643–653 (2005).

• Chouinard PY, Corneau L, Butler WR, Chilliard Y, Drackley JK, Bauman DE. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680–690 (2001).

• Choi SH, Song MK. Effect of C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids on their direct incorporation into the rumen bacterial lipids and CLA production in vitro. Asian-Australiasian J. Anim. Sci. 18(4):512–515 (2005).

• Coen PM, Cummins PM, Birney YA, Devery R, Cahill PA. Modulation of nitric oxide and 6-keto-prostaglandin F-1 alpha production in bovine aortic endothelial cells by conjugated linoleic acid. Endothelium J. Endothelial Cell Res. 11(3–4):211–220 (2004).

• Collomb M, Butikofer U, Sieber R, Bosset JO, Jeangros B. Conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acid composition of cows' milk fat produced in lowlands and highlands. J. Dairy Res. 68:519–523 (2001).

• Cordain, L., B. A. Watkins, G. L. Florant, M. Kelher, L. Rodgers, and Y. Li. 2002. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:181.

• Cortes HN. CLA and body composition: Research shows conjugated linoleic acid can help maintain a healthy balance between lean muscle and body fat. Agro Food Industry Hi Tech 15(2):49–51 (2004).

• Cusack S, Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the viability and metabolism of human osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukotriens Essential Fatty Acids 72(1):29–39 (2005).

• Czauderna M, Kowalczyk J, Potkanski A, Szumacher-Strabel M, Chojecki G. Quantification of conjugated linoleic acid and other essential fatty acids in bovine meat, milk, fat, and intestinal digesta. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 10(Suppl. 2):385–392 (2001).

• De La Torre A, Debiton E, Durand D, Chardigny JM, Berdeaux O, Loreau O, Barthomeuf C, Bauchart D, Gruffat D. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and their conjugated derivatives inhibit growth of human cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res. 25(6B):3943–3949 (2005).

• Desroches S, Chouinard PY, Galibois I, Corneau L, Delisle J, Lamarche B, Couture P, Bergeron N. Lack of effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids naturally incorporated into butter on the lipid profile and body composition of overweight and obese men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82(2):309–319 (2005).

• Dhiman TR, Nam SH, Ure AL. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45(6):463–482 (2005).

• Eyjolfson V, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ. Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans. Med. Sci. Sport Exercise 36(5):814–820 (2004).

• Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, Kristiansen K, Fagertun H, Vik H, Gudmundsen O. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans. J. Nutr. 135(4):778–784(2005).

• Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, Kristiansen K, Fagertun H, Vik H, Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79(6):1118–1125 (2004); [correction] 81(2):538–538 (2005).

• Gnadig S, Rickert R, Sebedio JL, Steinhart H. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): physiological effects and production. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103:56–61 (2001).

  • Gonthier C, Mustafa AF, Ouellet DR, Chouinard PY, Berthiaume R, Petit HV. Feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed to dairy cows: Effects on blood parameters and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 88(2):748–756 (2005).

• Griinari, J. M., B. A. Corl, S. H. Lacy, P. Y. Chouinard, K. V. Nurmela, and D. E. Bauman. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by delta- 9-desaturase. J. Nutr. 130:2285.

• Gulati SK, Kitessa SM, Ashes JR, Fleck E, Byers EB, Byers YG, Scott TW. Protection of conjugated linoleic acids from ruminal hydrogenation and their incorporation into milk fat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 86:139–148 (2000).

• Ha, Y. L., N. K. Grimm, and M. W. Pariza. 1989. Newly recognized anticarcinogenic fatty acids, identification and quantification in natural and processed cheeses. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37:75.

• Hao XY, Mir PS, Shah MA,  Travis GR. Influence of canola and sunflower diet amendments on cattle feedlot manure. J. Environ. Quality 34(4):1439–1445 (2005).

• He ML, Mir PS, Beauchemin KA, Ivan M, Mir Z. Effects of dietary sunflower seeds on lactation performance and conjugated linoleic acid content of milk. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 85(1):75–83 (2005).

• Herzallah SM, Humeid MA, Al-Ismail KM. Effect of heating and processing methods of milk and dairy products on conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acid isomer content. J. Dairy Sci. 88(4):1301–1310 (2005).

• Ip, C., J. A. Scimeca, and H. J. Thompson. 1994. Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anti-carcinogen from animal sources. Cancer 74(Suppl. 3):1050.

• Jaudszus A, Foerster M, Kroegel C, Wolf I, Jahreis G. Cis-9,Trans-11-CLA exerts anti-inflammatory effects in human bronchial epithelial cells and eosinophils: Comparison to Trans-10,Cis-12-CLA and to linoleic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1737(2–3):111–118 (2005).

• Kay JK, Roche JR, Kolver ES, Thomson NA, Baumgard LH. A comparison between feeding systems (pasture and TMR) and the effect of vitamin E supplementation on plasma and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 72(3):322–332 (2005).

• Kay JK, Mackle TR, Auldist MJ, Thomson NA, Bauman DE. Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 87(2):369–378 (2004).

• Khanal RC, Dhiman TR, Ure AL, Brennand CP, Boman RL, McMahon DJ. Consumer acceptability of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched milk and cheddar cheese from cows grazing on pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 88(5):1837–1847 (2005).

• Khanal RC. Potential health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): A review. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 17(9):1315–1328 (2004).

• Khanal RC, Dhiman TR. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): A review. Pakistan J. Nutr. 3(2):72–81 (2004).

• Khanal RC, Olson KC. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk, meat, and egg: A review. Pakistan J. Nutr. 3(2):82–98 (2004).

• Khosla, P., and T. V. Fungwe. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid: Effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular function. Curr. Op. Lipidology 12:31.

• Kim EJ, Sanderson R, Dhanoa MS, Dewhurst RJ. Fatty acid profiles associated with microbial colonization of freshly ingested grass and rumen biohydrogenation. J. Dairy Sci. 88(9):3220–3230 (2005).

• Kim JH, Hubbard NE, Ziboh V, Erickson KL. Attenuation of breast tumor cell growth by conjugated linoleic acid via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1736(3):244–250 (2005).

• Kim TW, Choi NJ, Hwangbo J, Hsu JT, Lee SS, Song MK, Seo IJ, Kim YJ. Production of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid by Megasphaera eisdenii YJ-4: Physiological roles in the rumen. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 18(10):1425–1429 (2005).

• Kim, Y. J., R. H. Liu, J. L. Rychlik, and J. B. Russell. 2002. The enrichment of a ruminal bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii YJ-4) that produces the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Appl. Microb. 92:976.

• Kritchevsky D. Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid. Br. J. Nutr. 83:459–465 (2000).

• Lai KL, Torres-Duarte AP, Vanderhoek JY. 9-trans, 11-trans-CLA: Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on bovine endothelial cells. Lipids 40(11):1107–1116 (2005).

• Lawson RE, Moss AR, Givens DI. The role of dairy products in supplying conjugated linoleic acid to man's diet: a review. Nutr. Res. Rev. 14:153–172 (2001).

• Ledoux M, Chardigny JM, Darbois M, Soustre Y, Sebedio JL, Laloux L. Fatty acid composition of French butters, with special emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. J. Food Composition Anal. 18(5):409–425 (2005).

• Lee JH, Cho KH, Lee KT,  Kim MR. Antiatherogenic effects of structured lipid containing conjugated linoleic acid in C57BL/6J mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(18):7295–7301 (2005).

• Lee KW, Lee HJ, Cho HY, Kim YJ. Role of the conjugated linoleic acid in the prevention of cancer. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 45(2):135–144 (2005).

• Leiber F, Kreuzer M, Nigg D, Wettstein HR, Scheeder MRL. A study on the causes for the elevated n-3 fatty acids in cows' milk of alpine origin. Lipids 40(2):191–202 (2005).

• Lin TY, Hung TH, Cheng TSJ. Conjugated linoleic acid production by immobilized cells of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Food Chem. 92(1):23–28 (2005).

• Liu JB, Sidell N. Anti-estrogenic effects of conjugated linoleic acid through modulation of estrogen receptor phosphorylation. Breast Cancer Res. Treatment 94(2):161–169 (2005).

• Lock AL, Horne CAM, Bauman DE, Salter AM. Butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid alters tissue fatty acids and improves the plasma lipoprotein profile in cholesterol-fed hamsters. J. Nutr. 135(8):1934–1939 (2005).

• Loor JJ, Doreau M, Chardigny JM, Ollier A, Sebedio JL, Chilliard Y. Effects of ruminal or duodenal supply of fish oil on milk fat secretion and profiles of trans-fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in dairy cows fed maize silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 119(3–4):227–246 (2005).

• Loor JJ, Ferlay A, Ollier A, Chilliard Y. Relationship among trans and conjugated fatty acids and bovine milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and linseed oil. J. Dairy Sci. 88(2):726–740 (2005).

• Loor JJ, Ferlay A, Ollier A, Ueda K, Doreau M, Chilliard Y. High-concentrate diets and polyunsaturated oils alter trans and conjugated isomers in bovine rumen, blood, and milk. J. Dairy Sci. 88(11):3986–3999 (2005).

• Lourenco M, Vlaeminck B, Bruinenberg M, Demeyer D, Fieveza V. Milk fatty acid composition and associated rumen lipolysis and fatty acid hydrogenation when feeding forages from intensively managed or semi-natural grasslands. Anim. Res. 54(6):471–484 (2005).

• Ma, D. W. L., A. A. Wierzbicki, C. J. Field, and M. T. Clandinin. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid in Canadian dairy and beef products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:1956.

• MacGibbon AKH, van der Does YEH, Fong BY, Robinson NP, Thomson NA. Variations in the CLA content of New Zealand milkfat. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 56:158–158 (2001).

• MacRae J, O'Reilly L, Morgan P. Desirable characteristics of animal products from a human health perspective.  Livestock Prod. Sci. 94(1–2):95–103 Sp. Iss. (2005).

• Madina, E. A., W. F. Horn, N. L. Keim, P. J. Havel, P. Benito, D. S. Kelley, G. J. Nelson, and K. L. Erickson. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids 35:783.

• Maggiora M, Bologna M, Ceru MP, Possati L, Angelucci A, Cimini A, Miglietta A, Bozzo F, Margiotta C, Muzio G, Canuto RA. An overview of the effect of linoleic and conjugated-linoleic acids on the growth of several human tumor cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 112(6):909–919 (2004).

• Malpuech-Brugere C, Verboeket-van de Venne WPHG, Mensink RP, Arnal MA, Morio B, Brandolini M, Saebo A, Lassel TS, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Beaufrere B. Effects of two conjugated linoleic acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obesity Res. 12(4):591–598 (2004).

• McCann SE, Ip C, Ip MM, McGuire MK, Muti P, Edge SB, Trevisan M, Freudenheim JL. Dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acids and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer, Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer Study (WEB study). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. 13(9):1480–1484 (2004).

• McLeod RS, LeBlanc AM, Langille MA,  Mitchell PL, Currie DL. Conjugated linoleic acids, atherosclerosis, and hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79(6):1169S–1174S Suppl. S (2004).

• Michalski MC, Briard V, Juaneda P. CLA profile in native fat globules of different sizes selected from raw milk. Internat. Dairy J. 15(11):1089–1094 (2005).

• Nagao K, Inoue N, Wang YM, Shirouchi B, Yanagita T. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Zucker (fa/fa) rat. J. Nutr. 135(1):9–13 (2005).

• Nagao K, Yanagita T. Conjugated fatty acids in food and their health benefits. J. Biosci. Bioengineering 100(2):152–157 (2005).

• Nudda A, McGuire MA, Battacone G, Pulina G. Seasonal variation in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in milk fat of sheep and its transfer to cheese and ricotta. J. Dairy Sci. 88(4):1311–1319 (2005).

• Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK, Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. European J. Clin. Nutr. 59(6):742–750 (2005).

• Ogawa J, Kishino S, Ando A, Sugimoto S, Mihara K, Shimizu S. Production of conjugated fatty acids by lactic acid bacteria. J. Biosci. Bioengineering 100(4):355–364 (2005).

• Ogawa J, Matsumura K, Kishino S, Omura Y, Shimizu S. Conjugated linoleic acid accumulation via 10-hydroxy-12 octadecaenoic acid during microaerobic transformation of linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1246–1252 (2001).

• Ohashi A, Matsushita Y, Shibata H, Kimura K, Miyashita K, Saito M. Conjugated linoleic acid deteriorates insulin resistance in obese/diabetic mice in association with decreased production of adiponectin and leptin. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 50(6):416–421 (2004).

• Ohtsu H, Ho E, Huang YS, Chuang LT, Bray TM. Congulated linoleic acid decreases cellular proliferation and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein 1 activation in PC3 cancerous prostate epithelial cells. Nutr. Res. 25(7):655–662 (2005).

• Pal S, Takechi R, Ho SS. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins from human HepG2 liver cells. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 43(3):269–274 (2005).

• Palmquist DL. Ruminal and endogenous synthesis of CLA in cows. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 56:134–137 (2001).

• Pariza, M. W., Y. Park, and M. E. Cook. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxic. Sci. 52(Suppl.):107.

• Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog. Lipid Res. 40:283–298 (2001).

• Park HS, Ryu JH, Ha YL, Park JHY. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induces apoptosis of colonic mucosa in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats: a possible mechanism of the anticarcinogenic effect by CLA. Brit. J. Nutr. 86:549–555 (2001).

• Parodi PW. Cow's milk components with anti-cancer potential. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 56:65–73 (2001).

• Prandini A, Geromin D, Conti F, Masoero F, Piva A, Piva G. Survey on the level of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy products. Ital. J. Food Sci. 13:243–253 (2001).

• Precht D, Voigt J, Hagemeister H, Kanitz W. The influence of dietary rumen-protected linoleic acid on milk fat composition, spreadability of butter and energy balance in dairy cows. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103:783–792 (2001).

• Ramaswamy N, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kasperson KM, Whitlock LA. Short communication: Consumer evaluation of milk high in conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1607–1609 (2001).

• Rego OA, Rosa HJD, Portugal PV, Franco T, Vouzela CM, Borba AES, Bessa RJB. The effects of supplementation with sunflower and soybean oils on the fatty acid profile of milk fat from grazing dairy cows. Anim. Res. 54(1):17–24 (2005).

• Rego OA, Portugal PV, Sousa MB,  Rosa HJD, Vouzela CM, Borba AES, Bessa RJB. Effect of diet on the fatty acid pattern of milk from dairy cows. Animal Res. 53(3):213–220 (2004).

• Reveneau C, Ribeiro CVDM, Eastridge ML, St-Pierre NR, Firkins JL. Processing whole cottonseed moderates fatty acid metabolism and improves performance by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88(12):4342–4355 (2005).

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